of the declining trajectory of the rate of mortality in the ussr, and was especially notable among men of working age, but was also prevalent in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country. At the beginning, the Soviet authorities placed great emphasis on the elimination of illiteracy. Dated prior to the ussr's decision to boycott the 1984 Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements. 200 All citizens of the ussr had their own ethnic affiliation. His policy of glasnost freed public access to information after decades of heavy government censorship. Film, as a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, received encouragement from the state; much of director Sergei Eisenstein 's best work dates from this period. Routledge Atlas of Russian History (4th. The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State, First Phase 19171922.

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Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the. In some cases, due to the length of its name the state was referred to as the Soviet Union or the ussr, especially when used in the Western media. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. 23 Geography, climate and environment Main article: Geography of the Soviet Union With an area of 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi the Soviet Union was the world 's largest country, a status that is retained by the Russian Federation. 199 Ethnic groups People in Samarkand, Uzbek SSR, 1981 The Soviet Union was a very ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. 36 Social upheaval continued in the mid-1930s. A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (1996) excerpt and text search, by a leading conservative Pipes, Richard. 117 State and party structures of the constituent republics largely emulated the structure of the central institutions, although the Russian sfsr, unlike the other constituent republics, for most of its history had no republican branch of the cpsu, being. Following the ousting of Khrushchev, another period of collective leadership ensued, consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as General Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny as Chairman of the Presidium, lasting until Brezhnev established himself in the early 1970s as the preeminent Soviet leader. It took effective control over most of the countries of Eastern Europe (except Yugoslavia and later Albania turning them into satellite states. Health care was to be controlled by the state and would be provided to its citizens free of charge, this at the time being a revolutionary concept. Archived from the original on 2 September 2009. Organs of power like the Politburo, the Secretariat of the Central Committee etc., were formally ethnically neutral, but in reality ethnic Russians were overrepresented, although there were also non-Russian leaders in the Soviet leadership, such as Joseph Stalin, Grigory Zinoviev, Nikolai Podgorny or Andrei Gromyko. Looking for the Sheriff.

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The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives. Of the author's L'Empire éclaté. In August 1991, Latvia and Estonia immediately declared the restoration of their full independence (following Lithuania's 1990 example). Library of Congress Country Studies, 1991. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, Russia was internationally recognized 66 as its legal successor on the international stage. Retrieved Government of the ussr : Gorbachev, Mikhail. This is generally recognized as marking the official, final dissolution of the Soviet Union as a functioning state, and the end of the Cold War. Following the failed coup, the State Council of the Soviet Union became the highest organ of state power "in the period of transition". Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. "The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics".

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On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as the President of the ussr, declaring the office extinct. The dissolution of the Soviet Union was followed by a severe economic contraction, deteriorating social conditions, and a catastrophic fall in living standards in post-Soviet states, 67 68 including a rapid increase in poverty, crime, 73 74 corruption,. Credit was discouraged, but widespread. At the same time, infant mortality began to rise. 214 Religion Main article: Religion in the Soviet Union A veil -burning ceremony in Soviet Uzbekistan as part of Soviet Hujum policies. History Main article: History of the Soviet Union The last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, ruled the Russian Empire until his abdication in March 1917 in the aftermath of the February Revolution, due in part to the strain. Clarification needed 160 However, the energy sector faced many difficulties, among them the country's high military expenditure and hostile relations with the First World (pre- Gorbachev era ). Soviet authorities were unable to meet the growing demand for transport infrastructure and services. Stalin: A New History, (2006 310pp, 14 specialized essays by scholars excerpt and text search De Jonge, Alex. Lenin wanted art to be accessible to the Russian people. Gerber Michael Hout, "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 19911995 AJS Volume 104 Number 1 (July 1998 150. Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below). By 1940, as many as 90 percent of the churches, synagogues, and mosques that had been operating in 1917 were closed. Revolution and foundation Main article: History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (191727) Modern revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire began with the Decembrist revolt of 1825.